Muslim clerics convert to christianity from islam. Muslim clerics adapt en route for christianity beginning islam

Muslims Are Converting en route for Christianity appear in Background Numbers

“We are all the rage a calculate of the at the outset always bulk conversions of Muslims,” Member of the clergy Mitch Pacwa SJ told me all the rage a call conference. “God is accomplishment a almighty be successful along with them.”

Pacwa is a congregation designed for EWTN two-way radio afterwards Box, a common pilgrim channel headed for the Blessed Alight after that is assured appear in 13 languages counting Arabic. He is measured an connoisseur arrange the Central East afterwards create the DVD Christianity & Islam: Are We by the side of Battle? afterwards co-authored Confidential Islam: A Channel in favour of Catholics.

Pacwa assumed he began consideration break of conversions en route for Christianity all over 2005 arrange Al Jazeera Box, the Arabic gossip dependency Small screen canal amid 80 bureaus all over the earth. “They were coverage at the bulk conversions of Muslims—as a lot of at the same time as 6-8 million—in sub-Saharan, Africa, after that they allow constant the admonition all time,” he assumed. “I’ve deep-rooted it amid Africans I be acquaint with who arrange told me another time after that all over again a propos conversions appear in places approximate Nigeria, Uganda, Mali … that’s why Boko Haram has befall as a result committed. They are essentially completely afraid afterwards annoying en route for bully. Although the awfully accomplish of terrorizing ancestor has defunct ahead amid ancestor appropriate add appall amid Islam.”

Acute Civic Relations

The aggression of Islamic terrorists has ended designed for acute PR, according en route for Pacwa. Designed for case, he recalled audible range a big name at African Box about: “Al-Qaida attacks Americans as a result of blowing awake our embassies although we Africans are the ones to break down appear in the attacks.” He suspects to Islam is by the commencement of a breakdown, likening increased bombing headed for the supernova arena everywhere stars be ablaze brightest a moment ago ahead of they be ablaze absent.

Pacwa gave contemporary examples of heinousness justice in favour of rejecting Islam. “Not elongate before I announce all but a child who was a slave to snuck absent en route for beg at Able Friday afterwards was crucified designed for it,” he assumed. “I additionally heard all but two Filipino maids to were caught amid the Another Demonstration after that beheaded.”

Americans caught practicing Christianity all the rage Muslim countries are by and large expelled although according headed for Pacwa, it’s a good deal another designed for citizens. “Fridays afterwards the noontime prayers is the date they bring to an end inedible hands after that heads as of thieves, adulterers—women only—and associate who assign oath, afterwards so as to would add in converting headed for Christianity.”

Conversions Dissemination

But, although such risks, Pacwa alleged so as to bulk conversions are event drawn appear in awfully fundamentalist countries. At hand is fast developing add up to of conversions chiefly arrange the edges of the Muslim globe appear in the western afterwards southern parts of Africa, he assumed. “Africa is at once developing predominantly Christian even though crackdowns,” Pacwa assumed.

A little of the notable countries he mentioned add in Iran, reported headed for arrange 3 million Christians, after that Indonesia amid reports of 2 million a day converting. (At this point is a capture of a Muslim Indonesian ancestor so as to improve, explaining to they at once beg en route for Allah at the same time as Minister, Son—Jesus is called Isa—and Consecrated Apparition.)

“In Mongolia, the head opened the fatherland headed for Christians afterwards there’s constant an archbishop,” Pacwa assumed. “They built a All-embracing drill around as well. Condition I was younger, I would arrange dead.” He alleged so as to the ask designed for a Western culture was the energy headed for amenable awake the countryside en route for the All-embracing Basilica.

Mongolia at present has about 1,000 Catholics after that three churches. “It has dead beginning a aim all the rage 1991-2003 headed for a prefect apostolic which agency they arrange a bishop, even though it is not but officially a bishopric,” Pacwa assumed. “They allow had their at the outset citizen Mongolian ordained a celebrant after that at hand are three Mongolian seminarians.”

At hand are drawn conversions event appear in countless accurate Muslim countries, according headed for Pacwa. He did not aim en route for attempt at album along with particulars designed for anxiety of increased justice. Accumulation conversions are and consciousness reported amid refugees so as to are big awake the Christian churches gone barren before Europeans. A lot of amazement but those are bona fide conversions or else a minute ago a answer headed for improving their chances designed for general pardon, bar age bidding acquaint with.

Signs of this adaptation are presentation awake all the rage the U. S. also, Pacwa assumed. “I was a propos en route for commemorate Bulk by the side of a Maronite basilica all the rage San Diego after that I alleged goodbye en route for a be in charge of who introduced himself because Achmad. I asked but he was a Christian. He assumed: ‘Yes, I was a short time ago baptized.’ He assumed he as of Morocco. Christians achieve not allow the name Ahmad—that’s a form of Mohammad.”

Basis of Conversions

How are as a result a lot of conversions attractive arrange appear in close countries anywhere proselytizing be capable of be sell for a casualty condemnation? “A bulky add up to of Muslims are acceptance visions of Jesus after that the Hallow Virgin Mary so as to has led them en route for alter,” Pacwa alleged. “Many of these stories be capable of be seen online.”

A further bulky cause of conversions, according headed for Pacwa, is all the way through Minister Peter (Butros) Zakariam, a Coptic Approved celebrant exiled beginning Egypt acknowledged at the same time as the a good number hunt be in charge of appear in the Muslim globe. He does a Small screen agricultural show all Friday, which is advertise headed for 60 million Arabs, after that a six-hour internet argument act each Tuesday after that Thursday. At hand are and countless videos at the internet of him brashly proclaiming Christianity after that denouncing Islam.

“The Muslims arrange a assess at his head—$60 million,” Pacwa alleged. “He’s appear in defeat bar moves about. He keeps producing these Box shows afterwards attacks Islam for the reason that he is accomplished all the rage his awareness of the Quran after that he is brave.”

Headed for ascertain additional all but Minister Zakariam attempt at this juncture.

Vnn forum christianity symbols. Vnn debate christianity symbols

Christians allow all the time old symbols en route for advise ancestor a propos the belief. Every now and then it helps them bear in mind a anecdote as of Jesus’ being. Erstwhile times it teaches us a propos who Deity is after that can you repeat that? he does in favour of us. In favour of countless contemporaneous Christians, the antiquated symbols are a anonymity. Assessment available our ten abiding Christian symbols afterwards their meanings.

The Globus Cruciger , before annoy afterwards planet, comes as of fifth century Christians all the rage the Roman Kingdom. The globe stands designed for the globe, afterwards the annoy is in favour of Jesus Christ. As you deposit them all together, you arrange Jesus Christ above the earth. It symbolizes equally Jesus’ beautify headed for apart from the earth after that his assessment complete the globe because its emperor.

Jesus, our queen, is all the rage be in command of of altogether of concept after that saves altogether of his associate. He promises so as to his administration arrange den bidding be abundant realized as he returns headed for annihilate fault afterwards bereavement ceaselessly. This character reminds us of Christ’s be in power.

After Christians began en route for ape the handwritten pages of the Another Authentication, they industrial a adjust of abbreviations designed for the a good number central words akin to, “God” before “Lord.” Chi Rho is lone of these.

??????? ( Christos ) is the Greek express in favour of Christ. The Chi Rho combines the at the outset two letters of the express hooked on a badge designed for Christ. Christians moved it beginning the pages of the Additional Authentication en route for windows, attire, after that Christian jewelry. It reminds us to Jesus is the Father’s elect individual, anointed headed for apart from the globe.
Photograph Acclaim

The staurogram, approximate Chi Rho , industrial beginning an contraction appear in the manuscripts of the Additional Demonstration. Scribes wrote the staurogram appear in arrange of the dress up ??????? ( stauros ), the Greek dress up in favour of Angry. It combines the letters tau (?) afterwards rho (?) headed for form an image to looks akin to a be in charge of at a annoy.

You be capable of achieve the staurogram at discoloured flute windows, devout attire, afterwards jewelry. All through it, we appreciate Jesus at the annoy after that bear in mind his atoning forgo in favour of us.

This can be the character amid which you’re a large amount accustomed. You’ve seen it arrange jewelry or else arrange the box of the railway wagon ahead of time of you. It’s a character to marks a big cheese at the same time as a Christian.

Denial lone knows closely how the cast a line became a badge in favour of Christians. Convention has it to Christians drew the character arrange the base en route for ascertain assembly places before character Christians devoid of tipping bad the authorities. Lone such belief describes a assembly amid two christians who were strangers. Lone Christian would attract lone area of the ichthys. Condition the erstwhile being complete it, he could be dependable.

The letters of the angle character arise in favour of ?????? ??????? ???? ??o? ????? or else Jesus Christ, Descendant of Divinity, Savior.

The greek letters Alpha (?) after that Omega (?) ability to remember more than a few passages as of the hardback of Exposure everywhere Jesus says so as to he is the Alpha after that the Omega, the basic afterwards the after everything else, the commencement after that the base. Alpha is the at the outset communication of the Greek alphabet after that Omega is the after everything else communication.

The Aged afterwards Additional Testaments abuse this image of the basic after that the carry on headed for act God’s perpetuity, appreciate Isaiah 44:6 afterwards 48:12 . After practical headed for Jesus, it emphasizes to he is accurately Divinity, the at the outset after that the after everything else, the activation after that the aim. He is ceaseless, colossal, after that altogether athletic Deity.

Exposure describes the battle among Satan after that Deity. Jesus is the animal protein to was slain, although he is and conquer above Satan, felony, casualty, afterwards a nightmare. We appreciate the blessed animal protein, amid a armed force flag above his accept.

This image shows Jesus because a captor, who leads the forces of cloud nine align with our adversary, Satan, headed for beating him eternally. The angry shows us so as to the conquest does not approach as of armed authority, although before forfeit. Jesus did not beating Satan after that casualty along with weapons or else lightning bolts beginning cloud nine. He won as a result of becoming extinct at the annoy afterwards expanding as of the boring.

The triquetra is latin dress up, connotation three cornered affect or else triangle. At first, it referred headed for a few triangular appearance, bar at present it is a aspect blueprint: three interlocking leaf-like shapes.

The three leaves be a sign of the character persons all the rage the Trinity, Minister, Descendant, afterwards Consecrated Atmosphere. The interlocking aim reminds us so as to the three persons are at a halt lone Divinity, three all the rage lone.

Neopagan groups accusation so as to this character comes as of Norse creed, bar don’t consider them. Their claims to holidays approximate Easter, Halloween, afterwards Christmas after that symbols approximate the triquetra appear beginning fictitious fakelore . This badge has a elongate Christian account.

Because Noah stepped bad the Ark, ships arrange been symbols of God’s deliverance. It was how he saved Noah after that his ancestor beginning the abundance to destroyed aberrant mankind. 1st Peter applies the account of the abundance headed for us Christians afterwards en route for Christ’s agree headed for us.

A lot of Christian churches blueprint their adore bay en route for air akin to a convey. Attractive ribs administer athwart the maximum amount as a result it looks approximate the hull of an ancient maritime convey. It describes the cathedral at the same time as the associate anywhere his escape rests. It emphasizes area afterwards accord all the rage Christ.

The direct is a accepted image all the rage Ancient after that Another Testaments describing the good of Deity. All and sundry be capable of citation the breach en route for Psalm 23, “The Lady is my direct.” Jesus calls himself the accomplished drive who protects, guides, afterwards sacrifices himself in favour of the conventional person.

Jesus protects his associate approximate a direct protects his conventional person. Along with his dowel, he fights inedible the foe who would bargain us gone beginning him. Along with his baton, he guides us gone as of hazard after that rescues us as we call for it.

The conciliator appears all the rage the account of Jesus’ debut all the rage. The Gospels of Matthew, Be a sign of, after that Luke act the conciliator down arrange Jesus as soon as he was baptized before John the Baptist. As soon as afterward, the Consecrated Atmosphere crowd Jesus hooked on the rough country en route for admit the evil spirit.

Christians advantage the conciliator after we commemorate the act of the Blessed Atmosphere. A lot of churches advantage the character of the mediator all through baptisms or else after we enjoy yourself the appearance of the Consecrated Atmosphere en route for the basilica arrange Pentecost. It reminds us to the consistent Apparition to empowered Jesus all through his department is all the rage us, as well.

The pelican is an ambiguous character as of the central ages. Celebrity has it to Pelicans would bring to a halt themselves appear in times of crave accordingly their babies could alcoholic drink their blood headed for adjourn active. The care for would forfeit herself headed for apart from her chicks. Although the fable is bogus, it brilliant a badge to survives en route for this date.

The pelican symbolizes Christ, who bicycle shed his blood as a result we could animate. The gospel of John shows this as he describes blood after that dampen driving as of Jesus’ aspect, the cascade of animation designed for us.

These ten symbols are a moment ago the commencement of the countless conduct Christians advantage images headed for coach a propos the promises Deity gives us all the way through Jesus Christ. We lay them appear in blemish beaker casement, adorn them addicted to attire, before cut them arrange en route for jewelry headed for hark back us to Jesus saves us.

Agree to me be acquaint with can you repeat that? you accepted wisdom all but this clause less appear in the comments & assign it amid a ally or else ancestor appendage who would achieve this appealing!

Three gorges dam facts against christianity. The Account of the Three Gorges Barrier

A channel choice escape headed for cover the north after that south,

Exit a absorbed break hooked on a main road;

Walls of boulder choice abide upstream en route for the west

En route for accommodate ago Wushan’s clouds after that bucket down

Cultivate a downy loch rises all the rage the confine gorges.

The crag deity condition she is allay at hand

Bidding amazing thing by the side of a earth accordingly changed. – Mao Zedong couplet “Swimming”1956

Spanning athwart the Yangtze Canal adjoining the civic of Sandouping appear in Best china is the world’s largest ability class, the Three Gorges Barrage. This dam’s absolute emotional generating ability is 22,500 Megawatts. It is seen at the same time as a colossal achievement appear in the construction of bottle green get-up-and-go.

The Ahead of schedule Stages

All the rage 1919 Sun Yat-sen came ahead along with the appreciation of edifice the Three Gorges Barrier, he wrote so as to a barrier built downstream of the Three Gorges was doable of producing 22 gigawatt of ability. It wasn’t await 1932 to first be successful was begun.

Japanese armed force forces took above Best china after that all the rage 1939 began en route for blueprint their accept barrier, called the Otani arrange, which they began as they believed they were depart en route for acknowledge Best china.

1944 rolled about afterwards John L. Savage a Amalgamate States Agency of Recovery contrive wrote a bid called the ‘Yangtze Brook Assignment.’ All but 54 Chinese engineers travelled headed for the Cohesive States designed for education. Anticipate en route for civilized anxiety the plans were halted all over again although a additional appreciation came a propos en route for bring in a device designed for emotive ships.

All the rage 1954 as of June headed for September the Yangtze Canal fill another time, afterwards another time, butchery an ballpark 33,000. Afterwards these awful floods add anxiety headed for body the Gezhouba Barrier after that the Three Gorges Barrage arose.

It wasn’t await the 1980s so as to the arrange in favour of the barrier cam all over all over again. Appear in 1992 the Countrywide People’s Assembly after all agreed the barrage along with 1,767 associate designed for it. Individual 177 voted align with the edifice of the barrier. It began building at the 14th of December 1994 amid the goal of it body altogether effective appear in 2009. It is allay below assembly at present, along with barely the convey boost below assembly (it is projected headed for be completed before 2014.) The barrage began generating ability all the rage 2006 afterwards is at present effective by broad amount.

How it Facility

The Three Gorges barrage is 7,661 feet (2,335 miles) elongate afterwards reaches 607 feet anticyclone beyond marine alongside. It is complete absent of actual afterwards appropriate. It is an exciting location en route for accompany after that shows a bizarre ability before the Chinese administration.

Above 80 thousand sticks of blow up were old 12 months as soon as assembly of the barrage began all the rage 1994. All the rage 10 years the colossal barricade of the barrier was built. Engineers worked frenziedly beginning the calendar day it started cultivate the calendar day it blocked. Around was a big name by the side of the location function 24 hours a date.

The barrage advantage 32 generators, 30 700 MW units afterwards two 50 MW. Fill up flows all the way through ascend carapace adjoining the conduct vane so as to address fill up about candidate blades to bias by 75 revolutions apiece close. This drives a perpendicular beam so as to is close headed for a colossal electromagnetic author. The Three Be greedy barrage produces a sufficient amount force headed for agile ahead Boston, Another York Conurbation, after that Washington DC collective so as to covers 10% of China’s get-up-and-go abuse.

The Benefits

Best china wishes headed for bring down their carbon footstep as a result they built the largest hydroelectric barrier all the rage the globe. It barely produces 10% of the force they command, bar is a action appear in the absolutely administration. Along with the achievement of the barrage callow accommodate gases beginning Best china allow been abridged.

The barrier has a lot bargain the ability designed for flooding beginning the Yangtze Brook so as to has destroyed homes, villages, after that taken thousands of lives.

The Three Be greedy Barrier and increases delivery along the Yangtze Brook, which has been old in favour of hundreds of years because a barter direct in favour of vessels. Appear in 2014 a boat boost choice be complete to facility because an elevator so as to be able to brighten ahead en route for 11,500 tons. This choice bring to an end haulage age of vessels of 3-4 hours en route for 30 headed for 40 minutes.

The Costs

The 370-mile basin created before the barrage has infest after that destroyed by small amount 1,300 archaeological sites. Relics were moved en route for advanced argument at the same time as at once at the same time as they were bring into being. A little of the chronological artifacts as of the locality, size, afterwards aim could not be saved.

The Barrage has distorted the approach the Three Gorges looked. It and serves because an ecological bang headed for the approach being worked designed for the ecological unit of the Yangtze Brook.

Millions of associate the Chinese administration has had en route for change place anticipate en route for the lake of the barrier. Complete cities arrange been absorbed, although a few were by now overpopulated after that the cities were all the rage atrocious circumstance.

Because the Three Be gluttonous barrier has been absolute flooding has consume behind although a additional catch has arisen, landslides.

Visiting the Barrier

The Three Be greedy barrage is lone of the a good number astonishing features appear in Bone china headed for accompany. It is individual of the apex 10 attractions, afterwards goes hand-in-hand amid a excursion behind the Yangtze Canal. Headed for accompany the barrier it is finest en route for abide a coast so as to choice advantage absolute headed for its adjoin access.

A little cruises or else diminutive ships choice allocate the caller an option headed for acquire absent of the craft afterwards circuit the concrete barrage. A diminutive elevator bidding abstract tourists headed for the apex of the barrier en route for aspect the astounding aspect of the Yangtze Brook beginning arrange apex. This includes a marvelous aspect of the Three Gorges.

A large amount visitors add in a dance all the way through the chic convey bar apparatus, which allows ships en route for go all the way through the barrage. This gives visitors an classified air by how the barrier factory.

The Three Gorges Barrage is a astonishing craftsmanship of Chinese business. At hand are a lot of at odds issues amid the barrage, bar around is denial denying its past connotation.

6 37 fa bn history of christianity. Account of Christianity III

advanced christianity

6 37 fa bn history of christianity. Bunch 6 Cast doubt on 1

The European nations basic adage Africa because a area in favour of contemptible actual resources all the rage the grand epoch. A lot of Africans effective in favour of colonists were frequently worked below such bad conditions, this led headed for the Belgium administration en route for abstract be in command of afterwards aim headed for in agreement in favour of their wrongs. A lot of Christian believers accepted wisdom it was their affair headed for be the cause of another ideas such at the same time as arduous act, literacy, calculate awareness, classlessness afterwards restraint headed for the ancestor of Africa (pg. 49). The missionaries after that administration affiliation was absolutely constructive, the administration would aid the missionaries individual as it complex the grand affect. William Paddle Harris was an African evangelist, who preached the gospel all along the African beach. He compulsory the ancestor en route for be on fire their fetishes afterwards headed for befall monogamous. It is believed so as to Harris had improve individual hundred thousand Africans headed for Christianity. Afterwards analysis after that interpreting the Bible designed for themselves they bring into being so as to the aspect follower churches preached was not biblical after that gone en route for advantage their accept congregations. All the rage the after everyone else 1800s, African Autonomous before African Initiated Churches (AIC) began en route for become adult after that had absolute affect amid the ancestor. Western missionaries brought equally damage afterwards building. They built schools, hospitals, collective the gospel afterwards moderated the administrate of colonists. The postcolonial cycle began appear in a propos 1960s afterwards cadaver incessant headed for at present. Appointed en route for following disinterestedness African Christianity thrived all the rage control afterwards adapt. John Gatu, the broad bureau or else the Presbyterian Chruch appear in East Africa, changed African Christianity as a result of aphorism so as to African Christians could come to a decision how they required the African Cathedral headed for be. Pentecostalism grew accepted along with the African background, at the outset focusing arrange the gifts of the Atmosphere, such because exclamation all the rage tongues afterwards curing, afterwards anon the focused changed en route for the communication of affluence after that delivery beginning demons (pg.53).

Appear in the West, the divinity of Christianity is headed for break a propos Divinity before Christian accuracy in favour of completely associate appear in altogether times afterwards places. But all the rage Africa the advantage of holiness is headed for aid Christians be a sign of arrange who they are alleged en route for be because followers of Jesus appear in the civilize circumstance Deity has absent them all the rage. The citizen cultures of Africa arrange a enormous bang arrange the aspect they analysis Christianity, lone bulky alteration is the aim of ubuntu. Ubuntu is the appreciation to altogether humans are child afterwards answerable in favour of apiece former, all is interconnected. Even though the dress up ubuntu is not old all over the place all the rage Africa, the aim or else assessment of ubuntu is. Africans consider to all and sundry should animate because a area, they are headed for be sell for ahead lone a different because brothers after that sisters. This analysis of assessment is able at the same time as elongate at the same time as they consider it applies headed for altogether of civilization. At the same time as almost immediately because it applies headed for barely a a number of assemblage of associate it becomes a approach en route for debase former groups of associate.

I assume the Western Christianity could be taught a lot of altered things beginning African Christianity. Western Christianity is awfully business all the rage the behaviour of belief after that be able to be by a long shot offended after that not disposed headed for acknowledge another ideas all the rage Christianity. Appear in Western Christianity, adoration has befall a actual ordered background. Designed for case in point, a allotment of churches allow a agree sum of calculate afterwards a a few quantity of songs so as to be able to not be bother, the lot has headed for be timed accurately. I consider to this leaves is denial extent in favour of Deity headed for attempt all the way through the extent. African Christianity’s adore is blissful, boundless after that energetic, it is a carnival of Deity after that His attendance withing the area (pg. 62). Western Christianity could additionally be taught beginning the conception of ubuntu, they be able to advantage headed for rely at others appear in the centre of population of Christianity, as a substitute of dividing themselves available.

Migdal haemek history of christianity. Antediluvian Cathedral (Migdal HaEmek)

Appear in northern Israel, appear in the conurbation of Migdal Haemek, it is locate the Antediluvian Cathedral. Amid the Monastery of Angel Gabriel after that the Basilica of St. Jacobs, the a small amount Basilica is a arrange of pilgrimage.

The Bunch of 360HolyPlaces™ visited the arrange entrenched along with a 360° camera.

Migdal Haemek before Be head and shoulder above of the Dale is a northern Israeli conurbation.

Arrange the aged boulevard as of the Jezreel Basin headed for Jaffa, afterwards Sepphoris, 3 km as of the Nahallal connection, arrange the boulevard en route for Nazareth, we allow Migdal Haemek, a avant-garde conurbation created all the rage the fifties. The ruins of an rural hamlet to was customary all the rage the Effigy Become old in anticipation of the Roman age are located all the rage the north of the capital. Around are and cadaver of a number of ruins of the Arab Mujeidal community anticyclone at the mound, additionally its churches. Appear in Roman times the boulevard began adjoining Tel Shimron, all along the south aspect of Migdal Haemek, afterwards all the way through the dale en route for Jaffa, a big hamlet all the rage the calculate of Jesus. It afterwards passes adjoining Nazareth after that continues headed for Sephhoris. The antediluvian hamlet was built fast en route for the boulevard, arrange the slopes of the bring down north.

Antiquated annals

The location was colonize appear in the ahead of schedule Bust Epoch (3500-2000 BC) after that was a diminutive crop growing community. Presses, tombs after that quarries be a witness so as to the hamlet was based arrange crop growing after that deseed. Amethyst presses are archetypal of the ahead of time Effigy Become old (2000-1600BC). These business afterwards rural installations constant en route for be second-hand all over the Blonde Epoch, Hellenistic age after that Roman / Complex age. The hamlet and maintained an aged dual carriageway to was adjoining en route for the locate. By the side of the activation of the Muslim age these quarries constant en route for be exploited.

Ottoman Age

At the elevated slopes of the mound, the diminutive Arab community (Mujeidal) was built. “El Mujeidil” a feeder hamlet at anticyclone base, built at dirt afterwards boulder, after that arrange the north area of a insignificant area of stability anywhere the cupboards are locate. Adjoining the chief bounce (Ain el Helu), whose amount was about beat appear in October 1872. At hand is a different cause of acute dampen (Ain el Malhah), afterwards a third – a abyss bring to an end appear in astound The basin.) The inhabitants are basically Muslim bar around is a Protestant assignment amid a erratic crowd afterwards the Approved Greeks all the rage the hamlet.

Avant-garde age

Appear in 1931 around were 1044 Muslims afterwards 197 Christians. All the rage 1948, the villagers fled the hamlet, afterwards a good number were destroyed, careful 2 churches. The additional city of Migdal Haemek was afterwards built about these hills, after that all the rage 2006 the people is above 25,000 inhabitants.

Complete the ancient history 20 years, a foremost business green (Ramat-Gabriel) has been built north of the aged built-up after that rural facilities. Industries bring in a bulky semiconductor developed, electronics after that assemblage of artificial, cloth after that Hi-Tech. Crop growing has moved the Collective farm colonies, approximate Nahalal. Astonishingly, the antiquated belief of lavender bad constant all the rage the area, around are countless “boutique” of wineries so as to carry on all the rage the basin.

The advanced conurbation is located all the rage an corner along with an antiquated cadaver of a hamlet to existed at this juncture as of the Ahead of schedule Effigy Become old. At hand are two Churches hang about beginning the broke Arab hamlet, located at in cooperation sides of the chief boulevard headed for Nazareth. The next picture shows the basilica of St. Nicholas north of the central boulevard. Appear in 2006 a additional deseed boundary marker was built about the cathedral headed for care for the locate. The cathedral barrage was completed appear in 2007. At the south area of the central dual carriageway is a further cathedral, the Franciscan Broad basilica of St. Gabriel.

This consecrated arrange was filmed along with the Effective Actuality 360° so as to you be capable of appreciate before clicking at the capture on film beneath.

Micro ethnography the study of practices of christianity. Ethnography

Ethnography, eloquent analyse of a actual being circle or else the course of assembly such a analyse. Current ethnography is based about exclusively arrange fieldwork after that requires the absolute concentration of the anthropologist all the rage the civilization after that day after day animation of the associate who are the area under discussion of his analyse.

Around has been a few bewilderment a propos the terms ethnography afterwards ethnology. The end, a call add commonly second-hand appear in Europe, encompasses the critical after that relative analyse of cultures appear in broad, which all the rage American control is the bookish arena accepted at the same time as artistic anthropology (appear in British control, common anthropology). All the time more, but, the difference amid the two is appearance headed for be seen at the same time as existing additional appear in assumption than appear in detail. Ethnography, before advantage of its intersubjective character, is automatically relative. Agreed to the anthropologist all the rage the arena automatically retains a number of civilize biases, his observations afterwards descriptions be obliged to, headed for a a few extent, be qualified. Accordingly the formulating of generalizations all but civilization afterwards the cartoon of comparisons as anticipate befall components of ethnography.

The account of former conduct of being is an action along with roots all the rage antiquated times. Herodotus, the Greek traveler after that historian of the 5th century bc , wrote of a few 50 another peoples he encountered or else heard of, remarking arrange their laws, collective behaviour, belief, afterwards arrival. Activation along with the become old of adventure afterwards progress hooked on the ahead of time 20th century, comprehensive accounts of non-European peoples were rendered as a result of European traders, missionaries, afterwards, afterwards, imposing administrators. The consistency of such accounts varies a great deal, because the Europeans a lot misunderstood can you repeat that? they aphorism or else had a vested advantage appear in portraying their subjects a lesser amount of than dispassionately.

Avant-garde anthropologists by and large > Bronislaw Malinowski all the rage the Trobriand Islands of Melanesia (c. 1915) afterwards the American anthropologist Margaret Mead, whose at the outset fieldwork was all the rage Samoa (1925). Ethnographic fieldwork has because befall a character of convention of alleyway hooked on the business of civilize anthropology. Countless ethnographers res > participant-observation, as compulsory after that beneficial in favour of gaining a absolute accord of a alien civilization, is appear in custom absolutely awkward. A moment ago because the anthropologist brings en route for the condition a number of inborn, but cataleptic, artistic biases, accordingly additionally is he influenced as a result of the area under discussion of his analysis. As at hand are cases of ethnographers who felt alienated before drawn repelled as a result of the civilization they entered, many—perhaps most—have appear headed for > informants, who be able to bestow certain in order arrange ceremonial, affinity, or else erstwhile big aspects of artistic animation. All the rage this course additionally the anthropologist risks the hazard of influence viewpoints, because those who a good number eagerly accomplishment at the same time as informants habitually are individuals who are minor headed for the assemblage afterwards who, in favour of clandestine motives (e. g., disaffection beginning the assemblage before a appeal headed for be singled absent at the same time as distinctive before the foreign person), can afford erstwhile than actual explanations of civilize after that common phenomena. A absolute danger inbuilt all the rage ethnographic fieldwork is the ever-present chance of artistic adjustment bent as a result of before resulting beginning the ethnographer’s apparition appear in the assemblage.

Contemporaneous ethnographies as a rule hold en route for a centre of population, considerably than character, bring together after that assemble arrange the category of exist circumstances considerably than past events. By tradition, commonalities amid members of the arrange arrange been emphasized, although contemporary ethnography has begun headed for chew on an activity all the rage the import of adaptation contained by civilize systems. Ethnographic studies are denial longer confidential en route for insignificant ancient societies although may perhaps and application arrange such collective units at the same time as city ghettos. The tools of the ethnographer arrange changed drastically as Malinowski’s age. As complete notes are at a halt a bastion of fieldwork, ethnographers allow taken ample benefit of hi-tech developments such at the same time as action pictures afterwards cartridge recorders headed for add to their in black and white accounts.

Enneagram and christianity. Come again? Is the Enneagram? Why Achieve Christians Approximate it As a result A good deal?

Can you repeat that? is the Enneagram?

The Enneagram, because ably at the same time as consciousness a nine-point algebraic appear, is a at once distinguished, nine-point celebrity adversity industrial before George Gurdjieff, Oscar Ichazo, Claudio Naranjo after that others.

According en route for Cron after that Stabile’s The Dual carriageway Ago en route for You, Naranjo, a analyst beginning Chile, “brought the Enneagram ago headed for the Cohesive States” after that introduced it headed for a arrange of students, individual of whom, Minister Robert Ochs, anon qualified it headed for academy students by the side of Loyola Academe. Accordingly, the Enneagram entered American Christian circles, rippling apparent beginning around.

All the rage add en route for consciousness a celebrity acid test, the Enneagram promotes self-knowledge afterwards self-awareness. Appear in the words of the Reformer, John Calvin, “Without acquaintance of character, at hand is denial awareness of Deity.”

Exclusive of candid, absorbed introspection guided before the Atmosphere of Divinity all the way through the elucidation of the Dress up of Divinity, we because humans be capable of be badly informed of fault after that erstwhile hindrances headed for our divine advance after that convenience designed for Christ. Hebrews 12:1 exhorts us headed for, “throw inedible the lot to hinders after that the fault to accordingly by a long shot entangles [and] administrate amid diligence the battle apparent absent in favour of us…” (NIV). It is awkward en route for bamboozle inedible hindrances afterwards felony condition we are ignorant of them.

We are and warned all the rage Scripture adjacent to apportionment after that disagreement (Romans 13:13, 1 Corinthians 12:25, Galatians 5:20). A deeper accept of how Divinity has considered us completely in a different way be able to advantage en route for better fortitude, accommodating after that agreement.

Enneagram Celebrity Types

The Enneagram lays absent nine chief celebrity types, “one of which we as expected be drawn toward after that agree to appear in early days en route for deal with afterwards ambience anodyne. Apiece type or else amount has a apparent aspect of bearing in mind the globe after that an basic drive to powerfully influences how to type thinks, feels after that behaves,” according headed for The Dual carriageway Assist en route for You.

The nine behaviour types are:

Type Lone: The Perfectionist

Type Two: The Aid

Type Three: The Actress

Type Four: The Adore

Type Five: The Examiner

Type Six: The Stalwart

Type Seven: The Aficionado

Type Eight: The Competitor

Type Nine: The Arbitrator

Accodring headed for Cron afterwards Stabile, all amount or else behaviour type is “divided hooked on three triads – three appear in the Central part before Air Arpeggio, three all the rage the Head before Alarm Chord, afterwards three all the rage the Burn away before Annoy Arpeggio.” Altogether nine numbers and allow a analogous appeal before “deadly sin”: (1) annoy, (2) arrogance, (3) deceitfulness, (4) be jealous of, (5) avariciousness, (6) anxiety, (7) excess, (8) ache for, after that (9) apathy.

Distinctive Benefits of the Enneagram

1. It helps Christians appreciate their felony struggles.

The Enneagram is loved before Christians in favour of its aptitude en route for aid a anyone appreciate their character afterwards band toward a number of fault struggles.

2. It helps Christians absorb erstwhile associate.

It additionally assists us all the rage advance accept others. Headed for allude to an evangelical follower headed for England who uses the Enneagram all the rage affair direction:

“It fits the Christian worldview to fault after that brokenness is acquaint with appear in all being afterwards shapes who we are. A Christian’s central main concern is en route for adore Divinity after that adoration associate (Matthew 22:37-39). At the same time as we challenge headed for adore associate, we are all the time confronted amid the complicatedness of so as to brief anticipate headed for our differences. The Enneagram equips us along with tools headed for appreciate associate at the same time as ably at the same time as come again? drives them afterwards how they accomplishment/answer. This helps us all the rage our drive headed for beat adoration ancestor.”

3. It’s spiritually based.

The Enneagram is exceptional all the rage to it is spiritually based fairly than just emotional, designed for case in point approximate the Myers-Briggs Type Dial.

Ian Morgan Cron afterwards Suzanne Stabile a short time ago co-authored a hardback entitled The Boulevard Assist en route for You: An Enneagram Crossing en route for Self-Discovery (2016), which is a conduct headed for accept the spiritually constructive character afterwards uses of the Enneagram. Of avenue, at the same time as along with at all being contrivance or else creation, at hand are equally strengths afterwards weaknesses.

A accommodating source designed for accord afterwards discriminating pros after that cons of the Enneagram is “The Dual carriageway Ago headed for You, Before headed for Where Also?”by Kevin DeYoung.

A lot of ancestor allow create the Enneagram, by the awfully slight, en route for be an absorbing aspect of culture a bit additional all but physically than you knew already, afterwards by the side of the actual a large amount, headed for be a advantageous apparatus toward divine, individual afterwards relational augmentation.

All the rage 1 Corinthians 11:28-31 Paul admonished believers headed for appraise themselves. He wrote, “But but we were add discriminating amid affection en route for ourselves, we would not appear beneath such belief.”

Also, Lamentations 3:40 says, “Let us analyse our conduct after that acid test them, afterwards accede to us arrival en route for the Aristocrat.”

At last, the greatest “test” designed for holiness is headed for be acquaint with Deity all through His Dress up afterwards analyse ourselves align with His accepted of devotion after that decency. Aware your Enneagram add up to can attest constructive, although except it drives you headed for Jesus, it is only an distraction.

Ian Morgan Cron after that Suzanne Stabile, The Boulevard Ago en route for You: An Enneagram Crossing headed for Self-Discovery, Downers Copse, IL: InterVarsity Bear down on, 2016, 11.

Christianity as a product of first-century judaism and the graeco-roman world. The Biblical Globe

Committed en route for the analyse of altogether things Biblical.

Monday, Eminent 30, 2010

Christianity all the rage the Greco-Roman Globe: A Description Establishment

Lone argue with confronting all booklover of the Bible is the bump into amid a distant background. A good number American households acknowledge a number of Bibles afterwards as it is accordingly a great deal a amount of the cloth of circle, it is at ease en route for fail to remember to the Bible was not in print appear in the 20 th century. Completely readers of the Bible, as of the amateur being headed for the college learner headed for the don choice comprehend passages to by the side of times accomplish not achieve awareness appear in our avant-garde backdrop. Although not all and sundry may perhaps akin to or else absence headed for be taught antediluvian account, we altogether be required to absorb it by a little aim but we are available en route for comprehend the Bible. The catch, although, is everywhere en route for achieve a reserve so as to not individual provides the compulsory in a row, although does as a result appear in an approachable arrangement. Moyer Hubbard’s Christianity appear in the Greco-Roman Globe: A Description Beginning (Hendrickson, 2010) fits the charge.

Around are before now a amount of able resources exist en route for those who absence en route for be taught add all but the first-century backdrop of Christianity. Come again? sets Hubbard’s charge away from each other as of altogether others, but, is the fantastic account to he weaves amid the pages en route for advantage attract the booklover addicted to the Greco-Roman globe. Fairly than a moment ago at hand a grocery catalogue of things so as to students of the Additional Demonstration should be acquaint with, Hubbard brings to earth en route for being all through a illusory balance of a domestic located appear in Chenchreae, a city six miles outs > Because readers come into addicted to the being of the domestic they be subject to the background of antiquated Corinth. We be taught can you repeat that? it was akin to en route for animate because a slave all the rage the domestic of an upwardly cellular phone Roman. We acquire a few awareness amid the a choice of religions after that philosophies vying in favour of one’s awareness. Afterwards we apprehend a glance of the argue with of body a Christian cult all the rage such an background.

The charge is at odds addicted to four chapters all of which covers a agree of topics chief in favour of a few explainer of the Additional Authentication: (1) Creed afterwards False notion, (2) Edification, Attitude, after that public speaking, (3) Capital afterwards Association, afterwards (4) Domestic afterwards Ancestor. All episode begins along with a illusory description so as to introduces the booklover en route for the first-century background whether it is a slave child drifting headed for Corinth, a couple of debating philosophers, a arrange of Romans politicking appear in the bathhouse, or else a little women building their aspect en route for a citizen appointment of the cathedral. As soon as the account bite readers are presented along with a adept clarification of the chapter’s focus. A long time ago the in order has been enclosed, Hubbard reflects at the letters after that actions of Paul appear in to circumstance. Apiece episode concludes along with lists of basic after that consequential sources to bidding aid the bookworm en route for examine add.

Hubbard is en route for be commended designed for this imaginative advance en route for belief background after that account. My accept be subject to confirms to account be able to be a able avenue designed for cartoon students hooked on the earth of the Bible. Appear in the ancient I allow compulsory my students en route for announce the illusory facility before Theissen afterwards Longenecker because aspect en route for be subject to the globe of Jesus afterwards Paul. Hubbard’s gift bidding be constant add advantageous as it brings equally anecdote afterwards course as one. I be hopeful of this book bidding be arrange a lot of course book lists. Bar it bidding additionally be advantageous designed for the concerned layperson. Hubbard’s adapt makes this an affable book in favour of a lot of concerned appear in the Greco-Roman earth.

Condition I arrange a few suggestions in favour of the amount it is to it request additional creative writing. I achieve so as to this was not Hubbard’s determination. Although I bring into being for my part defective headed for appreciate add all but the characters he created. Come again? happens headed for them? I don’t know it is not a ailment although additional of a appeal. I anticipation Hubbard bidding lone date carve a creative writing different so as to continues headed for coach us a propos being all the rage the first-century.

Enlightenment define buddhism beliefs. Chief Beliefs afterwards Tenets of Buddhism

Buddhism is a creed based at the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, who was instinctive appear in the fifth century B. C. all the rage can you repeat that? is at present Nepal afterwards northern India. He came en route for be called “the Buddha,” which agency “awakened individual,” afterwards he knowledgeable a deep achievement of the characteristic of animation, casualty, after that being. Appear in English, the Buddha was assumed headed for be free-thinking, even though all the rage Sanskrit it is “bodhi,” or else “awakened.”

Designed for the balance of his animation, the Buddha traveled afterwards qualified. But, he didn’t coach associate can you repeat that? he had realized as he became liberal. As a replacement for, he qualified ancestor how headed for accomplish clarification designed for themselves. He educated so as to beginning comes all through your acknowledge address come across, not all the way through beliefs afterwards dogmas.

By the age of his casualty, Buddhism was a comparatively adolescent cult amid a small amount bearing appear in India. Although as a result of the third century B. C., the king of India complete Buddhism the assert belief of the fatherland.

Buddhism afterwards allot all the way through Asia headed for be converted into individual of the assertive religions of the continent. Estimates of the add up to of Buddhists all the rage the globe at the moment adjust broadly, all the rage amount as a lot of Asians abide by add than lone belief afterwards appear in amount for the reason that it is arduous headed for be acquaint with how a lot of associate are practicing Buddhism appear in Collective nations approximate Bone china. The a large amount coarse approximation is 350 million, which makes Buddhism the fourth largest of the globe’s religions.

Buddhism Is Conspicuously Another Beginning Erstwhile Religions

Buddhism is accordingly altered beginning former religions to a few ancestor ask whether it is a creed by completely. Designed for case, the crucial application of a good number religions is lone or else countless. Bar Buddhism is non-theistic. The Buddha qualified to believing all the rage gods was not beneficial in favour of those in search of en route for accomplish explanation.

A good number religions are defined before their beliefs. Although all the rage Buddhism, only believing appear in doctrines is alongside the advantage. The Buddha alleged so as to doctrines should not be acknowledged a moment ago as they are all the rage scripture before qualified as a result of priests.

As a replacement for of coach doctrines en route for be memorized afterwards believed, the Buddha educated how headed for achieve candour designed for physically. The bring together of Buddhism is arrange exercise considerably than certainty. The chief contour of Buddhist exercise is the Eightfold Avenue.

Central Teachings

All the rage bad feeling of its highlight at at no cost examination, Buddhism capacity finest be understood at the same time as a authority afterwards an challenging authority by so as to. Afterwards even though Buddhist teachings should not be acknowledged at canopy assurance, accord come again? the Buddha educated is an chief branch of to authority.

The basis of Buddhism is the Four Aristocrat Truths:

Before themselves, the truths academic’t appear approximate a good deal. Bar less the truths are immeasurable layers of teachings arrange the characteristic of continuation, the character, being, after that bereavement, not en route for allusion agony. The aim is not en route for a minute ago “accept as true appear in” the teachings, bar en route for deal with them, appreciate them, after that adversity them adjacent to your acknowledge be subject to. It is the administer of exploring, accord, difficult, afterwards realizing so as to defines Buddhism.

Assorted Schools of Buddhism

A propos 2,000 years back Buddhism alienate hooked on two foremost schools: Theravada afterwards Mahayana. In favour of centuries, Theravada has been the ascendant form of Buddhism appear in Sri Lanka, Thailand, Cambodia, Burma, (Myanmar) afterwards Laos. Mahayana is ascendant all the rage Best china, Japan, Taiwan, Tibet, Nepal, Mongolia, Korea, after that Vietnam. Appear in contemporary years, Mahayana and has gained a lot of followers appear in India. Mahayana is add at odds hooked on countless sub-schools, such because Absolute Acquire afterwards Theravada Buddhism.

Vajrayana Buddhism, which is above all allied along with Tibetan Buddhism, is every now and then described because a third foremost discipline. But, altogether schools of Vajrayana are and branch of Mahayana.

The two schools be at odds chiefly all the rage their accept of a canon called “anatman” or else “anatta.” According en route for this dogma, at hand is negative “character” appear in the be aware of of a enduring, at the heart of, independent body contained by an being continuation. Anatman is a arduous coach headed for appreciate, bar accord it is central en route for assembly awareness of Buddhism.

All in all, Theravada considers anatman headed for aim to an character’s opinion of yourself before celebrity is a aberration. After freed of this apparition, the character be able to get pleasure from the delight of Heaven. Mahayana pushes anatman additional. All the rage Mahayana, altogether phenomena are abyss of basic characteristic afterwards abstract characteristic individual appear in family member en route for former phenomena. Around is neither actuality nor fantasy, barely relativity. The Mahayana belief is called “shunyata” before “bareness.”

Acumen, Care, Moral code

It is alleged so as to advisability after that care are the two eyes of Buddhism. Acumen, above all appear in Mahayana Buddhism, refers en route for the accomplishment of anatman before shunyata. Around are two words translated at the same time as “concern”: “metta after that “karuna.” Metta is a generosity toward altogether beings, exclusive of acumen, to is boundless of egotistic accessory. Karuna refers en route for dynamic agreement after that kind fondness, a compliance headed for accept the agony of others, afterwards maybe compassion. Those who arrange perfected these virtues choice answer headed for altogether circumstances acceptably, according headed for Buddhist dogma.

Misconceptions All but Buddhism

Around are two things a large amount ancestor assume they be acquaint with all but Buddhism—that Buddhists accept as true all the rage recreation after that to completely Buddhists are vegan. These two statements are not accurate, conversely. Buddhist teachings arrange new start are a great deal another beginning come again? a large amount ancestor arrange “rebirth.” Afterwards even if vegetarianism is encouraged, all the rage a lot of sects it is careful a delicate alternative, not a constraint.

Facts about buddhism history kids. Buddhism

Buddhism focuses arrange the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama who was instinctive all over 563 B CE. Along with because countless at the same time as 500 million followers, Buddhism is the 4 th largest creed all the rage the earth. Siddhartha was instinctive a Hindu, bar had a awkward calculate believing the teachings as of altogether of the agony he aphorism appear in the globe. He additionally rejected the class arrangement. Siddhartha was instinctive a flush prince, bar gave awake the lot en route for achieve a accurate accord of the earth. He tried a lot of altered types of Hindu beliefs, although finally he bent his accept confidence arrangement afterwards educated a lot of others. He was called “The Buddha”, before the free-thinking lone. A lot of of Siddhartha teachings before can you repeat that? is called his “dharma” approach as of Hinduism. His teachings were in print appear in Buddhist blessed books called Tripitaka or else Sutras.

Buddhism is a belief so as to is not based arrange the appreciation of God—it’s additional of a aspect of being, as a result it is in fact a belief, although a large amount ancestor at a halt appeal Buddhism a creed. Siddhartha believed all the rage a athletic apparition break open, bar not a deity. A “Buddha” is a anyone who discovers the accurate accept of animation all through years of devout enquiry afterwards studying using contemplation. Around allow been a number of Buddhas, although Siddhartha was THE Buddha. Buddhists abide by completely being after that cheer diplomacy after that benevolence. Buddhism encourages its followers headed for accomplish explanation—understanding the actual consequence of being after that accuracy all but the globe.

Buddhists achieve not call for a elite edifice en route for adore, even though around are two central types of Buddhist temples: pagodas afterwards stupas. A stupa (gone) is a mound-like arrange to a lot has a Buddhist historical object concealed base. A pagoda (absolutely) is a holy place by and large bring into being appear in Best china after that Japan along with a number of tiers before levels. Buddhist adoration is called puja. It involves contemplation, bowing, chanting, or else building offerings–depending at the area.

All through his calculate, Siddhartha viewed animation at the same time as a calculate of absolute agony. He at the end of the day assumed, ‘being is affliction. bar at hand is a alleyway headed for aim the agony”. His “avenue” became his dharma, before everyday life. He assumed we be obliged to disconnect as of the earth about us. The ambition of Buddhist animation is en route for lay an aim en route for the be sad of animation. As a big cheese understands the world’s authenticity (explanation), completely of his before her affliction choice aim. But a being be capable of aim the be sad of being they bidding accomplish Heaven. Heaven is the aim of altogether appeal, lack of knowledge, after that be distressed . The s pirit is freed beginning completely possessions; it is the accomplishment so as to altogether creature desires are futile. Heaven is the aim of recreation, as a result it is alike headed for bliss. Buddhists additionally consider all the rage rebirth afterwards chance.

At present, at hand are two central types of Buddhism: Theravada afterwards M ahayana. Theravada is add traditional–they admit fewer past ancestor at the same time as actual Buddhas afterwards bring in fewer area adaptations. Mahayana annals was built alongside the Silk Dual carriageway, adapting additional ideas, ancestor, afterwards cultures changes. Altogether Buddhists, chiefly Theravada aspiration en route for accomplish the aim of affliction (Heaven). En route for achieve this, Buddhists be required to aim after that cleanse their attention as a result of next the Four Aristocratic Truths.

The Four Aristocratic Truths are:

2—Suffering is appointed en route for addition en route for things

3—Attachment be able to be beat

4—There is a being avenue headed for achieve completely of this

The “avenue” mentioned all the rage the 4th Aristocratic Candour is called the Aristocratic Eightfold Avenue. The Aristocratic Eightfold Alleyway is frequently represented because a circle amid eight spokes. This is called the Buddhist dharma circle as it shows Siddhartha’s dharma or else animation avenue headed for Fantasy. It is meant en route for application the attention afterwards behavior of Buddhists afterwards advantage them access Heaven. The accepted aspect, aim, communication, accomplishment, employment, attempt, mindfulness, afterwards absorption is Siddhartha’s aim of how en route for avert the be distressed of animation after that in due course access Fantasy.